Battleships in Paradise

Remember when I went to the US Virgin Islands? It was a beautiful slice of paradise. You can read about it here and see lovely photos of a little bay where I attempted snorkeling. This bay is home to turtles, octopi, barracuda, spotted eagle rays, and tropical fish. Now it’s home to something else. 

Here’s that bay recently. Are those battleships? Yes, they are. 

Will the USVI be able to return to paradise once more? Here’s the rub, or more precisely, the map that tells the tale. 

Venezuela has oil, lots of it, along with plenty of problems, including an autocrat who won’t leave power, which I’m not knowledgeable enough to sift through. But being a chemist, I’m focusing on the “war on drugs” and calling BS.

The US is having a just say no to drugs moment and although research shows that decriminalizing is the best way to tackle such a crisis, we are gathering war machines in paradise instead, claiming that Venezuela is the source of illegal drugs in the US. It seems about as honest as Portland being a war zone. 

Meanwhile, we are importing drugs with dubious content in the form of generic drugs from contaminated factories. Maybe I’m reaching here but why are we so concerned with one type of drug coming into the US we are all practically forced to settle for a product that very well could contain harmful substances

Generic drugs contain the same active ingredient as name brand drugs but for the rest of the pill, the standards do not apply. Generic drugs were approved for use in the US in the dubious year of 1984 and the companies that make them (and our insurance companies) have been cutting costs ever since. Note that the premiums have never gone down. One way to cut costs (and quality inspections and environmental concerns) is to move production overseas. Bacteria, mold, and carcinogens are among the lovely things found in generic pharmaceuticals.

Recently, my doctor prescribed a medication as a preventative. I noticed it was from place with frequent quality control issuesDr. Reddy’s lab in India. This place makes plenty of common generic drugs for high cholesterol, osteoporosis prevention, stomach acid medications, antidepressants, over the counter pain medications, and more. Needless to say, I didn’t stay with Dr. Reddy for long. 

70% of adults here in the US take some type of legal pill every single day, and many take up to four! When generics are used (which is 90% of the time), these medicines could be contaminated. The FDA is keeping consumers in the dark about where drugs are made and if the factory has had a recent, favorable inspection. 

The whole time the government was handing out Just Say No to Drugs pencils to school kids they were doing nothing at all about contaminated generics. We consumers are paying a premium price in our health insurance costs and getting rock bottom drugs in return. 

I insist on brand name drugs for now (and I have to pay out of pocket while my insurance premiums go up) but who knows how long the companies in the US will face stringent regulations. Regulations seem to be falling lately. We even get drug components from overseas so potential problems already exist. 

If, in the near future, you see or read about going to war with drug cartels, just remember: No one is doing a darn thing about the dangers in the drugs you take and that threat has been going on since 1984. 

The war on drugs, started in the 70s, has been declared an utter failure. The war on regulations and public protections , the war on the US consumer, is sadly going better than ever. And you won’t be seeing any battleships.

Lessons from the redwoods

I went to see the redwoods and if you haven’t been there, you must go. Breath in their magnificence —the air around them is so fresh. In the redwoods, my harvest weary sinuses cleared and my jumbled mind unraveled. These trees don’t live near a major city—the coast of California with the coastal redwoods is punctuated with small towns and harbors. A feeling of peace and majesty descends on you there along with the fog. The trees have an intimate relationship with the fog. It provides up to 30% of their water.

A group of trees in the forest

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Big Tree is a favorite stop and one of the trees that helped promote awareness of the need to save the redwoods from logging. By the time people began working to protect the coastal redwoods 100 years ago, 95% of them had been cut down.

A group of people standing in front of a large tree

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A book on a wood surface

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A close-up of a sign

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There are three varieties of redwoods. The coastal redwoods are the tall ones, the giant sequoia have fatter trunks, and the dawn redwood, found in China, is a smaller version of these glorious trees. Various ranger stations and tourist traps sell seeds and baby trees. I wasn’t confident I could bring a coastal redwood back to Iowa and keep it happy, so I opted for a dawn redwood seed.

Humbolt Redwoods State Park features the Avenue of the Giants Auto Tour just off of Highway 101 and contains trees up to 2000 years old that have never been logged. These trees have stood up to fires, insects, and floods. We traversed the Northern most part of it and took time to visit some of the picturesque small towns along Highway 101as well.

One tourist trap, Trees of Mystery, has a notable collection of native pottery and information about the tribes that once inhabited the redwoods and this continent.

The area also has casinos and gas stations owned by the local tribes. It wasn’t until the 1960s that the redwood forests became state and national parks and the tribes were able to recover land ownership.

Saving the trees took an immense amount of effort by all sorts of people—some standing in front of logging equipment and taking companies to court, others buying up the forests and donating them back to the state. Women’s groups in California were at the forefront of the effort early in the 1900s, but people have been working to save the trees, including the founders of the GAP, even into this century.

A person standing in front of a sign in a forest

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A plaque on a rock

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A tall tree in the forest

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These huge trees grow burls when injured and stressed. You can see how red the wood is when looking at this burl. The tree litter is known as duff or sorrel.

A close-up of a tree trunk

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As shown below, the roots of the coastal redwoods are fairly shallow. Over the centuries, the trees sustain some damage and still they persist.

Redwoods have shallow, intertwined roots and although they produce seeds, sprouts from burls are the major way they reproduce.

A large tree stump in the woods

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A large tree with moss growing on it

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Above, sprouts pour from a burl.

A group of plants and trees

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Take a look at some of the cross sections and see the passage of time.

A piece of paper on a tree stump

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Thanks to the collective will of the people of California and elsewhere, these trees persist and reproduce. But it takes constant vigilance, and appreciation of them.

A tree stump with a small plant growing out of it

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We have relatives from Portland who came with us and guided us on the trip. We drove along Oregon’s beautiful coast, staying in the small town of Bandon. Sadly, we had to walk out of a diner there because Fox News was on tv but we found a great seafood place and had a lovely seaside view.

A view of a parking lot from a balcony

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We stopped at a light house/Coast Guard facility, had more seafood at Newport (home of Rogue Brewery) and even though it was early in the season, we saw some whales at a distance.

A bowl of soup with shrimp and spices on a table

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A white lighthouse with a truck parked in front of it

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A fence with a wooden post and a body of water

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We flew in and out of Portland. Portland has a beautiful airport (see photo below) and is not a war zone. (Although possibly someone is trying to make it so. On the return trip, the air national guard was flying obnoxiously.) It’s horrible to have whole cities, and even states, lied about and subjected to unwanted occupation. Fortunately, people in this country know how to work together to save the trees and even democracy.

The Power to Think

At the beginning of the semester, I asked students what aspect of writing they thought they needed to work on. Many said VOCABULARY, which was somewhat of a surprise. Or maybe not. We read writing tips from well-known authors and to quote Madeline L’Engle :  “As our vocabulary expands, so does our power to think.”

Vague language conceals. Rich language illuminates. In order to be able to communicate, you need a decent vocabulary. Vague language could convey being unintelligent and not able to grasp nuance. It might be a sign of not knowing as when I used “pretty many” to describe a number and my thesis adviser had a fit. It could be a sign of aphasia, a loss of language due to a brain injury.

 Precise language: It’s the difference between a parrot and a pet. It’s the difference between “they” and local government. Vague language can be used to deceive.

You can see vague language when Supreme Court justices pulled  a fast one when asked about Roe vs Wade. Before confirmation they said everything from “It is an important precedent that’s been reaffirmed many times” to saying that taking a position “would undermine my ability to be impartial.”

Here’s where recent news fits in. In my brief viewing of Turning Point USA, the group used vague language. It is more of a slogan spitter than an honest debater. Here is another person’s encounter with them. From what I gathered, TP is more about zingers and bumper stickers than common ground.  That’s why it is vague.

I was once acquainted with someone who worked for a “think tank” and learned that these debates can be ways to test slogans. They are not always for true debate. “Debaters” search for slogans that require some nuance to refute. Those slogans are the best slogans to use when winning is the objective. To quote Goerge Lakoff “an opponent may be disingenuous if his real goal isn’t what he says his goal is.” This disingenuousness can be infectious. It can teach students bad discussion skills and narcissistic arguing that can disrupt a classroom or even education itself.

There are a few tell-tale signs of narcissistic arguing that we should be aware of if an argumentative group like TP or Moms for Liberty comes to town. (And click this link for more about Moms for Liberty. These moms are mean. So mean they are considered an extremist group.) Keep in mind that antagonism is a narcissist’s tool. Shifting blame and bringing up unrelated topics and prior grievances often dominate. And of course, projecting or accusing others of doing what you’re doing is standard for some. Intentional vague language is a hallmark for narcissists.

Not all speech is quality speech. Some is vague. Some is manipulative. And some is just plain mean. If the purpose of an institution is to educate, then organizations promoting vague speech—which limits our ability to think– and narcissistic antagonism should not be allowed near learners.

Vague is the difference between seeing a show and seeing Rocky Horror Picture Show. I recall working at Pella’s Holland Theater when that movie was shown. Pella citizens, one identifying as a minister, came and told us young kids works there that they were sinners going to hell.  That wouldn’t happen with any show. Or in any town.

Honing language takes practice and education. After my adviser threw up his hands at the vague statement I made, I worked harder to be prepared with accurate and precise information.

Kudos to my students for claiming an education in a world trying to un-educate them. Education is a gift. Illumination is worth more than vagueness. To think for yourself, you first have to think.

COVID Vax Mess

Do you ever get mad at people who voted for Trump? He said he was going to make a mess of our healthcare system, giving RFK permission to go wild about anything health related except oil.  And yes, it is a mess right now. Take for example, getting a COVID vaccine.

For a while, some states required a doctor’s permission to get a COVID vaccine. That restriction was removed this month. At least, I think so.

I don’t live in one of those states that formed a health alliance to counteract the madness. Anyone over 6 months of age can get a COVID shot there. So naturally, getting a COVID shot became a challenge for me, even though I am old enough. I asked about getting a COVID vaccine at my local Hy-Vee. They said they had no information but might in a month. Hy-Vee by the way has donated to politicians, including “mean Ken.”

I then called the pharmacy associated with my local hospital, PRH. They said they didn’t know what was going on. After all that happened with COVID, the CEO of PRH has donated to Republicans recently

However, I went to Costco in West Des Moines and got a COVID shot. I’m over 65 so eligible and had no trouble getting one, except that Costco was packed. 

I’m one of those people who so far doesn’t suffer much from COVID. I’m a teacher and exposed to many germs and have had frequent colds. Since COVID is a killer cold, it’s possible my body knows how to fight it. I had it once and thought it was just a weird fever. I had a test kit about to expire, I used it, and yes, it was COVID. I believe I might have had COVID once before, in February 2020. My research students and I felt “kinda weird” and although I never had a fever, I had strange dreams.

Sadly, the government is no longer offering free COVID tests. What they are offering is photos of Trump along with a theory that scientists don’t support. How unprofessional! And untrustworthy. And unhelpful, at least to the average citizen. I’m going to have a hard time trusting other information. There was even a little Fauci bashing on a government websiteThis kind of thing has gotten the CDC attacked and someone killed.

Even if you don’t get very sick, COVID persists in your body. It’s aging. It can promote heart disease. It can harm veins. Long COVID is most prominent in young people and women. It can even cause anemia and heavy, painful periods.

How to debunk COVID misinformation? There’s a study for that.

Here’s an example.

Myth: COVID doesn’t affect kids. 

Reality: Pediatric COVID is more common and harmful than people think! Memory problems and anxiety are some of the persistent symptoms. 

What isn’t a myth? This year, COVID confusion abounds. I wonder why? 

The Dark Side Comes for The Moon

The nearly full moon rose like an old friend as I walked my dog last night. When my mom died in October many years ago, it rose in beauty, giving me familiar comfort and ushering me into a new phase of life.

I’ve loved watching the moon since I was a child riding with my grandpa on his tractor. The way it traversed the sky and changed phases delighted me. In fact, I thought the Moon was called the Move and would turn my grampa’s face to see it and say, “Look at the Move!”

I was so curious about what it was made of and if anything alive could be up there. I even had the privilege of watching the Moon landing with Gramps.

If we didn’t have the Moon there’ d be no eclipses, no moon dance, no moon shadow, no moon light sonata, no blue moon, no Dark Side of the Moon.

We’d see weaker tides with their ebb and flow. Marine animals wouldn’t be able to navigate or spawn. Corals wouldn’t reproduce. And what would I decorate my house with if there was no moon?

First Men in the Moon by HG Wells has been a favorite novel of mine, despite having a dearth of female characters. Two English gentlemen find themselves launched to the Moon thanks to a substance that shields their rudimentary travel sphere from gravity. Although implausible, I found this a clever twist but what unfolded on the Moon caught my imagination most strongly because it contains a shred of truth. The two men, one a businessman and one a scientist, encounter both gold and lifeforms. While the scientist wanted to learn more, the businessman schemed exploitation.

If you read reviews of First Men in the Moon the naysayers point out all the ways it’s unrealistic. But Wells got one thing right: Greed is coming for the Moon.

While scientists wring their hands at lost opportunity to study the Moon, the greedy are firing up for a moon-mining race. Yes, companies are salivating at a chance to harvest. The Moon, having once been part of earth, doesn’t have anything the Earth doesn’t but in some cases, the concentration of the materials might make them easier to mine them. As HG Wells predicted, the Moon does have water to provide for all the new exploits and it also has a rare isotope of helium, Helium-3 also designated 3He. This might be useful in providing fusion power, which so far, hasn’t been successfully achieved. After all, we’ve got to power all our AI some way. Why not shoot for the Moon so to speak?  Don’t worry. US companies are already planning to suck off the government to make this happen.

And if we don’t do it, Russia and China will. China’s been to the dark side recently so we in the US are not going to let “safety be the enemy of progress.”

I rue the day when I look up at the Moon and instead of imagining moon-rabbits, handsome men, or werewolves, I see avaricious people making money. What can I do about it? I think I will go on an internet diet and restrict my pointless searches. I’ll try to ignore Alexa  and Siri for several hours a day, even though Alexa has been calling out to me lately in a somewhat creepy way.  Although I hate to admit that Republicans ever had a good idea, my grandson says that since they banned cellphones at school, he’s been reading books again. Maybe if I disengage once a day for 4 hours, I will finally get the next novel done. When it comes to energy gobbling AI powered by elusive fusion, you know what they say: don’t obey in advance.

In praise of unisex and how to achieve prime monogamy

I’m not the first one to wonder why in humans, it’s often the females who adorn themselves. It’s not natural and you need to look no further than newly discovered Eresus hermani

to see yet another example of this.  Which one do you think is the female?

You guessed it. The one on the left. According to biologist Paulina Mena “Evolutionarily speaking, sexual selection has to do with investment in reproduction. The mode in nature is that females invest more in making gametes and in many cases in parental care than males. This means that females maximize their reproductive success by being choosy. This is what leads to the elaborate adornments, bird songs, dances, etc. in males. They are trying to be picked.”

Of course, as my anthropologist/sociologist friends point out, not all human cultures put an emphasis on female adornment. In some cultures, males and females are equally adorned or not and in others, the men are the fancy ones.  Jeff Bass points out that “There is a general observation that there tends to be less gender equality (or more female dis-empowerment) in societies based on intensive agriculture.” This possibly comes as women are less central to economic production, and is less of a factor in industrialized countries where there’s plenty of work for women to do. In this case, adornment is less important.

When males and females look different, it’s called sexual dimorphism. (Sexual dichromatism is the term for different coloration between males and females.) As far as humans go, we don’t have exaggerated sexual dimorphism. Some studies have suggested that when males and females look similar to each other, there is less fighting and competition among males. Is grooming oneself, trying to look different, encouraging competition? If we were a gender neutral society, would we be more peaceful?

Ever since Darwin brought it up in 1871, there’s been debate on WHY certain mates are chosen over others. Sometimes, it depends on parental involvement. If the female invests more, she’s the picky one. If males invest more (as in seahorses), it’s the male who is picky. Evolutionary biologist Paulina Mena says, “Biologically speaking, it’s not so clear-cut where humans stand in this spectrum. We see females adorning themselves but the fact that males don’t wear makeup doesn’t mean they aren’t trying to get females to choose them by showing something off. They just do it in a different way. Working out to have a very athletic body could be considered the equivalent. For example it has been proposed that even intelligence and artistic expressions like music may have evolved as a way to impress females and be chosen as mates. This offends some people because they don’t want to think that cultural expressions may have its origin in sexual selection. But then again, the idea that females are driving evolution through being choosy was also something that upset people until kind of recently. They had a hard time accepting that.”

Like many animals without distinctive dimorphism, white storks are monogamous–for a while.

Monogamy is the primary type of pair bond for humans, and this is prevalent across societies. When looking back at our ape ancestors, monogamy is more prevalent when the males and females have less physical differences. To quote: in primates, minimal levels of sexual dimorphism in body weight and canine size are generally associated with monogamy and low rates of male antagonistic competition (e.g., gibbonsHarcourt, 1981) Gorillas on the other hand, where males are twice as big as females, are not monogamous.

Smaller testicles related to body size is also correlated with monogamous species.

There’s been speculation on the driving factor behind some of today’s weirder cosmetic surgery trends. One theory is that the participants are trying to enhance sexual dimorphism and have taken it to the extreme. It could follow then, that those who take their procedures seriously would be more antagonistic and less faithful.

As an author, I sometimes have to make a choice for my characters: settle down or be libertine. Most readers of novels do not like unfaithfulness. The idea of romance especially is to successfully pair bond. I will make sure to avoid having any heroes with big balls or surgery and take it from there.

For more discussion, go here.

Midyear Science News

1.Many men wish to control their fertility, and a few new products might be on the market soon. Some work by changing hormone balance, including a cream, and a newly developed pill might block the gene that directs sperm production. The later has just passed human safety standards in clinical trials.

2. July was one of the worst flooding seasons in global history. At last 134 pople were killed in Texas, 34 in China,69 in the Himalayas, and in early August, hundreds were missing in Pakistan and India.  The chemistry of why flash flooding is getting worse is outlined here. “Though floods naturally occur, increased moisture and rising temperatures from climate change are in some cases supercharging storms. According to a study in Nature, between 2020 and 2100, the size of the global population exposed to flood hazards is estimated to increase by 15.8%.”

3. Uncontrolled rage has sweeping societal consequences. A new study confirms that childhood aggression that persists into adulthood can be caused by early trauma. “Trauma during childhood can alter brain circuits that regulate attention and impulse control, increasing the risk of pathological aggression and cognitive decline in adulthood.”

5. The mysterious Shroud of Turin has captivated Christians for a long time. Is it really the burial garment laid over Jesus following his crucifixion? Radiocarbon dating has been inconclusive.  Now, the art world steps forward to suggest that the image was made from a statue and not a body.

6. Trump is dismantling science in the US . Why do we have a government that no longer serves the people and our futures? Because this is the will of at least one political party. This story dominates much of the science news so far this year.

7. mRNA vaccines are being badmouthed for no good reason. A detailed analysis of their promises and mild perils is presented here.

8. As the saying goes, we are done with COVID but COVID is not done with us. Since the government no longer approves COVID vaccines for many of us despite CDC warnings, the pharmaceutical industry is coming up with a new anti-viral drug, ibuzatrelvir. (Perhaps not in time. The COVID Vaccine even faces a ban.)

Dune Days of Summer

I spent my childhood in the Great Lakes dunes, climbing them and watching the dune creatures including numerous spiders and ant lions. Mostly what I remember is the joy (and challenge) of climbing and the feeling of being isolated, except for the company of my best pal, Kathi, who shared my love of nature and curiosity.

My son inherited the dune joy and when he and his family proposed a trip to Western Michigan including my hometown of Holland (and beloved relatives) and Sleeping Bear Dunes, I jumped at the chance.

For those unfamiliar, the dune ecosystem is characterized by shifting mounds of sand. It was formed by glaciers and can be parabolic or perched.

The Holland area features the parabolic dunes which extend all the way to the shore and provide beautiful beaches.

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People on a beach

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We did more hiking in the Sleeping Bear Dunes, perched dunes with some rigorous and beautiful hikes.

A wooden path on a hill with a body of water in the background

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Skies were hazy. Thanks Climate Change fires.

Some trails are easier than others and well stabilized. This is a National Park after all.

A person standing next to a sign

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The dunes range from 200 to 450 feet tall (on the Dune Climb shown in the next photos. Don’t go down if you can’t climb up. Sand isn’t easy to climb on because it isn’t stable. If you need a rescue, the rate is rumored to be $3,000. Here I am below (front), displaying my dune climbing skills.

We made it back after taking a less easy path.

A group of people walking through a forest

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The most challenging hike was the “double dunes” or as it is officially called, Dune Climb. Not all of us participated but for those who did, the two plus hour walk rewarded them with an otherworldly view and a fun run to the bottom.

A couple of kids running down a sand hill

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After a day of duneing, stop by Cherry Republic, for a large assortment of cherry products, ice cream and sit down casual dining.

A person walking in a garden

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And don’t forget the pie!

A box of pastries on a table

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Currently the dunes are protected by “The Sand Dune Protection and Management Act of 1976 designated these as sand dune areas, and the Act was amended in 1989 to designate 74,000 acres (29,600 ha) as Critical Dune Areas, which were characterized as “a unique, irreplaceable, and fragile resource.”

Only 25% of the Great Lakes dunes are in public, protected hands and the way things are going, we might lose access to them forever.

Washington Does it All

No, I don’t mean Washington DC, I recently took a trip to the Pacific Northwest to hang out with family in Washington State. I was greeted by a view of Mt. Rainier, an active, but beautiful, volcano.

A view of a mountain range from an airplane

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There’s plenty to do in the Pacific Northwest and we stuck close to where we were staying on Hood Canal. If you haven’t been to the area, it’s filled with hiking trails and for a Midwesterner, otherworldly sights.

A group of tall trees

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We travel with kids, and this was a kid friendly, casual adventure—no passport or make-up required. As a bonus, we encountered few mosquitos.

We stocked up at Costco and a seafood market,

A plate of seafood and watermelon

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My dreams of a new life owning a family oyster farm were dashed when I actually had an oyster slider (not shown above. )The water is cool enough that Vibrio was unlikely (more of a Florida thing) but I won’t be doing it again.

We started our hiking at Guillemot Cove. The kids were delighted by the stump house and all the baby crabs on the shore. It’s the dry season right now but we managed to see a few banana slugs.

This area had lots of toxic but pretty foxglove.

A group of purple flowers on a plant

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The next day we traveled to Ranger Hole Trail and saw a glacial waterfall. Some of us took a cold plunge. I did not.

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From there we traveled to Mount Walker to look across Hood Canal, a western lobe of Puget Sound, and view the eastern Olympic mountains and Mt. Rainier. It was a narrow, bumpy road to the top. My DIL captured this brave classic car ascending.

A car on a road with trees

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We celebrated the 4th of July in a very US way, with fireworks and unexpectedly viewing a protest. One child didn’t know why ICE would be dangerous.

And let’s be honest, why would we achieve independence from a mad king with divine rights, only to let flies die around our cheese?

A group of kids looking at fireworks

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The following day, we hiked a small portion of the vast Olympic National Park, viewing Lake Cushman and hiking at Staircase for yet another cold plunge and a climb on a downed Western Cedar.

(The following week, this area was closed due to fire.)

We ended our trip by taking a commuter ferry (from Bremerton) to Seattle for sightseeing and shopping. One of the kids thought the ferry ride was the best part.

A person looking out a window

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Here are a few other details, should you wish to avoid the weak dollar and just stay in the country for an upcoming vacation to Washington. We used the All Trails app to find our hiking spots and our trails were designated as easy. That doesn’t mean they were flat or rock free. We flew into SeaTac and rented a car. The nearest big town was Silverdale. Washington has no income tax but other taxes, including gas taxes, make up for it. I’m not a fan of this tax structure but look at all this beauty ready to be publicly accessed!

Sadly, I returned to Iowa to find out the state was abandoning one of the last shreds of public lands. Outdoorsy folks here have to leave to get satisfaction. I bet every Iowan knows someone who is going to Canada, Michigan, the Smokies, or the West Coast this summer. Meanwhile, I’m back in Iowa itching my new mosquito bites and cursing the stressful corn sweat. Once again, the kids are turning to their screens. Hopefully, Iowa will get new leadership, and our state will stop taking things from the public to reward the private.

Oil’s long, dirty, and highly useful fingers

Do you think most acetic acid comes from fermented apples? Think again.

Saudi Arabia is going to cut oil production and although they say they are not doing it for political reasons, we can see our politicians here vocalizing what could be their wishes such as finishing the Keystone pipeline which would bring crude to their refinery in Texas. It’s hard to imagine that some US pols even speak against electric cars made in the USA. Or maybe not. If we all switched immediately to electric vehicles powered by wind and solar energy, would we still need oil? The answer is, yes.

Fuel oil and gas are not the only petroleum based products. The paving and roofing material asphalt is a complicated mixture of large hydrocarbons and plenty of sulfur, vanadium, and nickel impurities and is petroleum based. Tar can be made from coal or found naturally, as in the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles where fossils of mammoths and dire wolves have been found. But tar and asphalt are not the only additional uses for petroleum.

Petroleum is the starting material for most of our plastics and synthetic materials, everything from fibers to pharmaceuticals, starts out as a form of oil.

Hydrocarbons can be chains or rings, and are distinguished by their composition-molecules made from just two elements, carbon and hydrogen. These materials can be light and flammable like naptha and gasoline or heavier as with asphalt and tar. Although they are useful in their own right, organic chemistry can step in and add elements to the hydrocarbons to make them into entirely new compounds. But they are the necessary beginning–the feed stock so to speak.

Here is an example of making something simple, acetic acid, as found in vinegar. Acetic acid contains oxygen in addition to hydrogen and carbon. It can be produced by fermentation as in this reaction where the acetic acid is bolded.

2 CO2 + 4 H2 → CH3COOH + 2 H2O.

It can also be made from alcohol, something you don’t want happening to your wine, for example, in this reaction starting with ethanol (as in wine) and adding oxygen naturally. It’s why you need to carefully control the amount of oxygen when wine making.

C2H5OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O

With the proper catalysts, acetic acid can easily be made from oil, for example as in this reaction:

2 C4H10 + 5 O2 → 4 CH3CO2H + 2 H2O

Why would anyone do this when acetic acid can be made from fermentation? We need a lot of it. Non-food acetic acid has been produced industrially since the 1960s and accounts for 90% of the usage world-wide. Over 5 million tons are produced each year. It’s a high demand chemical used to make coatings, paints, inks, and plastics such as PET. It’s one example of how we use chemical feed stock petroleum to make products we use every day.

Twenty percent of each barrel of oil is used as a chemical feed stock and when oil goes up in price, so does anything made from oil.

There are biological ways to make synthetic materials as discussed here and in my novel Lost in Waste. But as long as there is plenty of oil available, it has a long history of being used as a fuel and a feed stock and this isn’t likely to change anytime soon. Kicking the world’s oil addiction won’t be easy, unless we want to go back to life as it was 100 years ago. And we all know how some politicians love plastic bags. Fortunately, crude oil prices are still much lower than their highest point in 2008 so don’t despair. We will have plenty of low cost cigarette butts other plastics in the near future. In fact, the petrochemical industry will no longer be investigated if a plant catches on fire. That’s bad for people who lives near the plants, most on the Gulf Coast, but good for plastic prices.